Human Development| Class-12| chapter-4 | Geography| NCERT|

Chapter-4
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Both growth and development refer to changes over a period of time. 
• The difference is that growth is quantitative and value neutral. 
• It may have a positive or a negative sign.

• Development means a qualitative change
  which is always value positive. 
• This means that development cannot take place unless there is an increment or addition to the existing
  conditions.

THE FOUR PILLARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

• Equity refers to making equal access to
  opportunities available to everybody. The
  opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste.

• Sustainability means continuity in the
  availability of opportunities. To have
  sustainable human development, each
  generation must have the same opportunities.

• Productivity here means human labour
  productivity or productivity in terms of human work. Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building capabilities in people.

• Empowerment means to have the power
  to make choices. Such power comes from
  increasing freedom and capability

Approaches to Human Development

(a) Income Approach:-Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of
human development.

(b) Welfare Approach:-. The approach
argues for higher government expenditure on
education, health, social secondary and amenities. People are not participants in development but only passive recipients

(c) Basic Needs Approach:- This approach was initially proposed by the
International Labour Organisation (ILO). 

Six basic needs i.e.: 

health, education, food, water supply,
sanitation, and housing were identified.

(d) Capability Approach:-access to resources is the key to increasing human development.

MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The human development index (HDI) ranks the
countries based on their performance in the key
areas of:- 

• health
• education
• access to resources

 These rankings are based on a score
between 0 to 1 that a country earns from its
record in the key areas of human development

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISIONS

• Countries with high human development
  index are those which have a score of over 0.793

many of these countries
have been the former imperial powers.

• Countries with medium levels of human
  development form the largest group. There are 42 countries in the medium level of human development.

Most of these are countries which have emerged in the period after the SecondWorld War

• As many as 43 countries record low levels of human development. 

A large proportion of these are small countries which have been going through political turmoil and social instability
in the form of civil war, famine or a high
incidence of diseases

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